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Gutiérrez-Bravo, J.G., L., Sánchez-Velasco, S.P.A., Jiménez-Rosenberg, M.A., Altabet, S., Méndez-Mendez & S., Carbonero-Solano (2024). Anoxic waters constrain the vertical distribution of fish developmental stages in an oxygen minimum zone. Limnology and Oceanography. 69(7): 1521-1534. DOI: 10.1002/lno.12594.

Anoxic waters constrain the vertical distribution of fish developmental stages in an oxygen minimum zone

Juan Gerardo Gutiérrez-Bravo 1, Laura Sánchez-Velasco 2, Sylvia Patricia Adelheid Jiménez-Rosenberg 2, Marck A. Altabet 1, Sofía Méndez-Mendez 3 y Sergio Carbonero-Solano 4

1 Department of Estuarine and Ocean Sciences, School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, New Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, CICIMAR-IPN
3 Unidad de Investigacion para el Conocimiento, Uso y Valoración de la Biodiversidad, Centro de Estudios Conservacionistas,  Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
4 Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica

In the Eastern Tropical North Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone (ETNP-OMZ), fish larvae undergo developmentamidst highly variable dissolved oxygen environments. As OMZs expand, understanding the implications oflow-oxygen environments on fish development becomes increasingly relevant for fisheries management andecosystem modeling. Using horizontal zooplankton tows to track five oxygen levels (oxic [200 µmol/kg], hypoxic [100 µmol/kg] suboxic [10 µmol/kg], anoxic [<1 µmol/kg], and deep [10 µmol/kg at  1000 m depth]), thisstudy analyzed the three-dimensional distribution of fish larvae and adults across the ETNP-OMZ. Results revealed a wide midwater anoxic core, extending from Costa Rica to Baja California, that was almost devoid of fishlarvae (< 1 larvae/1000 m3). Early larval stages primarily inhabited the oxic and hypoxic levels above the core,while postflexion and transformation stages occurred across a wider oxygen gradient, including the deep levelbelow the anoxic core. Epipelagic species (e.g., Auxis sp.) were predominantly found in the surface oxic level,whereas coastal-demersal species (e.g., Bregmaceros bathymaster, Ophidion spp.) were prevalent in the hypoxiclevel above the core. Meso-bathypelagic species (e.g., Diogenichthys laternatus, Cyclothone spp.) were presentthroughout the study area, including below the anoxic core as transformation larvae and juveniles. These findings indicate that a vertical expansion of anoxic waters in OMZs could further constrain the habitat of epipelagic species, while also affecting the ontogenic vertical movements of meso-bathypelagic species

Palabras clave: oxygen minimum zone; Fish larvae; Mexican Pacific

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