Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, G.S., E., Morales-Acuña, L., Tenorio-Fernández, J., Gómez-Gutiérrez, R., Cervantes-Duarte & S., Aguiñiga-García (2024). El Niño-Southern Oscillation diversity: Effect on upwelling center intensity and its biological response. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 12(7): 1061. DOI: 10.3390/jmse12071061.
Gabriel Santiago Gutiérrez-Cárdenas 1, Enrique Morales-Acuña 2, Leonardo Tenorio-Fernández 3, Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrez 4, Rafael Cervantes-Duarte 1 y Sergio Aguiñiga-García 3
The influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on productivity at upwelling systems has been extensively studied. However, in recent decades, ENSO diversity has been documented; there are more frequent events with anomalies in the central Pacific (CP) causing ecological impacts that are different from the canonical events centered in the eastern Pacific (EP). We hypothesize that ENSO effects on upwelling intensity and its biological response are highly dependent on ENSO diversity. Wavelet coherence was computed for monthly standardized anomalies of Ekman transport and sea surface Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from eight upwelling centers located along the west coast of the Baja California peninsula (1993–2022). Ekman transport (ET) showed a non-linear association with ENSO at interannual periodicities between 1.2 and 7 years, as well as semiannual scale variability. Coherence between ENSO and ET showed a reduction in upwelling intensity during CP ENSO events and an increased upwelling intensity after EP El Niño events with regional differences. Our results reveal an influence of northern Pacific circulation that subsequently influences ENSO events during its development and its peak. We detected an influence of SST and wind anomalies on the ENSO–Ekman transport connection associated with the northern Pacific Meridional Mode pattern. The CP shows an important role in sea surface Chl-a concentration anomalies (1998–2022). We highlight the conceptual relevance of distinguishing ENSO diversity, with influential ecological effects associated with CP ENSO events.
Palabras clave: central Pacific El Niño; equatorial Pacific El Niño; coastal upwelling; northern Pacific meridional mode; California current system; Mexico
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