Fernández-Herrera, L.J., C.J., Band-Schmidt, T., Zenteno-Savín, I., Leyva-Valencia, C.J., Hernández-Guerrero, F.E., Hernández-Sandoval & J.J., Bustillos-Guzmán (2022). Changes in toxin production, morphology and viability of Gymnodinium catenatum associated with allelopathy of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodinium impudicum. Toxins. 14(9): 616. DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090616.
Leyberth José Fernández-Herrera, Christine Johanna Band-Schmidt 1, Tania Zenteno-Savín, Ignacio Leyva-Valencia 1, Claudia Judith Hernández-Guerrero 1, Francisco Eduardo Hernández-Sandoval y José Jesús Bustillos-Guzmán
Allelopathy between phytoplankton organisms is promoted by substances released intothe marine environment that limit the presence of the dominating species. We evaluated the allelopathic effects and response of cell-free media of Chattonella marina var. marina and Gymnodiniumimpudicum in the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. Additionally, single- and four-cellchains of G. catenatum isolated from media with allelochemicals were cultured to evaluate the effectsof post exposure on growth and cell viability. Cell diagnosis showed growth limitation and an increasein cell volume, which reduced mobility and led to cell lysis. When G. catenatum was exposedto cell-free media of C. marina and G. impudicum, temporary cysts and an increased concentration ofparalytic shellfish toxins were observed. After exposure to allelochemicals, the toxin profile of G.catenatum cells in the allelopathy experiments was composed of gonyautoxins 2/3 (GTX2/3), decarcarbamoyl(dcSTX, dcGTX2/3), and the sulfocarbamoyl toxins (B1 and C1/2). A difference in toxicity(pg STXeq cell-1) was observed between G. catenatum cells in the control and those exposed to thefiltrates of C. marina var. marina and G. impudicum. Single cells of G. catenatum had a lower growthrate, whereas chain-forming cells had a higher growth rate. We suggest that a low number of G.catenatum cells can survive the allelopathic effect. We hypothesize that the survival strategy of G.catenatum is migration through the chemical cloud, encystment, and increased toxicity.
Palabras clave: allelochemical; Chemical ecology; paralytic shellfish toxins
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