Arreguín Sánchez, F. (2022). Stock and Ecosystem (Holistic) Biological Reference Points. Springer Cham (Ed.), Holistic Approach to Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management. Linking Biological Hierarchyes for Sustainable Fishing. Cap. 7, pp.87-98. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96847-2_7.
Francisco Arreguín Sánchez 1
This chapter reviews the concept of biological reference points conventionally applied to exploited populations, as well as their usefulness for fishery resource management effects, whether they are BRP_target or BRP-Limit, or even as BRP_precautionary. Based on these concepts, the definition and construction of ecosystem biological reference points, EBRP, using holistic attributes is discussed, based on the theory of ecosystem dynamics represented by trophic networks. The performance of ecosystem indicators as a consequence of the gradual loss of biomass of some of its components (species) is described. The holistic attributes of the ecosystem change gradually with a trend, depending on the role of the species in the trophic network, reaching a threshold, expressed by an inflection point, which represents the point of no return. The magnitude of the biomass loss corresponding to that threshold relating to biomass will represent the corresponding harvest rate which can easily be translated into fishing mortality, this threshold being, as a consequence, a limit reference point of the ecosystem. This exercise is developed for each of the ecosystem species, obtaining an isoline based on the trophic level of the species to define the limit reference level of the ecosystem; and it is developed by considering the loss of organization, called noxycline, as well as for the identification of the ratio of maximum C/B; and for the CMSY based on holistic attributes, but only as comparison with CMSY in populations. An important issue is that CMSY overpassed those EBRP based on holistic attributes, which suggest the risk of taking MSY as target for fisheries. In the same way, for comparative purposes, the entire ecosystem’ surplus production is estimated, as it is shown in Chap. 4. These concepts are illustrated with examples of ecosystems from the Gulf of California.
Palabras clave: Biological reference point; Holistic reference point; Noxicline; ecosystem reconfiguration; climate change; Catch based reference-point; Catch/biomass based reference point; CMSY reference point; Balanced surplus production; Balanced catch; Resilience based reference point; Primary production required
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