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¹ Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Departamento de Pesquerías y Biología Marina

This chapter shows the dynamic relationship between the two biological hierarchies, population, and ecosystem, in an attempt to better understand their dynamic interdependence in the face of the challenges of fisheries management aimed to sustainability. The concept of surplus production is reviewed through population dynamics, as well as the balanced surplus production, for the entire ecosystem. The complexity of this dynamic between the two biological hierarchies is explained based on the different behaviors of a population in the face of changes in the availability of prey, which in turn affect flows of energy of the trophic network and ecosystem organization. At the population level, surplus production is explained through the product of the gain in biomass as a consequence of individual growth and survival, per unit of time. Accordingly, the population persists as long as the annual production exceeds or equals the biomass loss. This is the conventional concept used by fisheries science. At the ecosystem level, the concept of surplus production is suggested appropriately to this biological hierarchy in accordance with the properties of structure (populations) and organization (interdependencies) of the trophic network. The concept is based on the balance between the primary production required to sustain consumption and for sustain fishing along the different trophic levels, such that fishing emulates the activity of a natural predator. The application of this concept in the ecosystem of the center of the Gulf of California is shown, where specific harvest rates can be defined for the different species of the ecosystem, being consistent with their life history.

Palabras clave: Biological production; Surplus production; carrying capacity; balanced production; overfishing and ecosystem organization

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