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In the sardine fishery of the Gulf of California (1969– 2012), the annual catch declined to ~400,000 mt in 2010–12 (average: 129,000 mt), after three years of high harvest (average >532,000 mt • yr–1). The fishing inten­sity was relatively stable up to 1997, fishing 5,000 days per season, increasing in 2008 and 2009 to 15,000 and 28,700 days, respectively. Fishing trips increased steadily from 40 to 80 trips per vessel in the last five years. Total profits follow the same trend as the catch, ranging between $1–12 million in most seasons, with four peaks. In 12 years, the fishery produced more than 15 times the cost of fishing operations. Oceanographic conditions determine abundance levels, and significant correla­tions exist between population estimates and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index. Climate and fishing intensity are the main responsible forces; to ensure a stable fishing activity, we recommend that fishing effort should range between 4,000 and 6,000 fishing days per season.

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